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Inflammation/Immunity/Longevity

Propolis

Bee-derived resin with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties; most studied for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes and immune support.

Propolis
54
score
C
evidence
Caution
risk

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Use with caution

This supplement may interact with medications, medical conditions or sensitive populations. Review safety before use.

Quick Take

Worth considering if you have type 2 diabetes or frequent colds; evidence is promising but mostly from small trials.

Propolis is a resinous substance bees produce from tree sap and botanical sources, using it to seal and protect the hive. It is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which confer broad antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity. Human trials indicate it can reduce fasting glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, lower inflammatory markers such as CRP, and modestly support immune defenses against upper respiratory infections. People with elevated blood sugar or those looking for seasonal immune support may benefit most.

Potential benefits

01
Lowers fasting glucose and HbA1c
02
Reduces inflammatory markers
03
May reduce URTI incidence
04
May support oral mucosal health
05
May lower blood pressure
06
May improve lipid profile

Protocol

Amount
400-500 mg
Frequency
Once or twice daily
When
With meals to improve absorption of fat-soluble polyphenols and reduce stomach upset.

Onset Time

2-8 weeks for glucose and inflammation; days for topical oral effects.

Who Should Consider

Adults with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
People seeking seasonal immune support
Those with recurrent oral ulcers or gingivitis
Individuals with elevated inflammatory markers

How It Works

The bioactive flavonoids and phenolic acids in propolis scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release (including TNF-α and IL-6). In metabolic models, propolis appears to improve insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function.

Updated 5/19/2026

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